Hyperventilation test for diagnosis of left-to-right circulatory shunts.

The krypton85 inhalation test for the detection of left-to-right shunts.

One of the primary reasons for performing cardiac catheterization in patients known to have, or suspected of having, congenital heart disease is to determine whether a left-to-right shunt is present and the site at which it enters the right side of the heart. Although a variety of techniques for the detection of such shunts has been developed (Wood et al., 1957, 1958; Zimmerman, 1959; Braunwald...

Contrast Enhanced Echocardiography for Detection of Intrapulmonary Shunts in Liver Transplant Candidates

Background: Intrapulmonary vascular abnormalities associated with liver cirrhosis may result in intrapulmonary right-to-left shunt and hypoxemia. The aim of this study was to use contrast enhanced echocardiography to detect intrapulmonary vascular abnormalities in patients with liver cirrhosis candidates for liver transplantation. Methods: One hundred and two adult patients underwent contrast e...

A New Minimum Order Lumped-Parameter Model of Circulatory System for Patients with Suffered Left and Right-Sided Heart Failure

In this study a new minimum lumped electrical model of total circulatory system through numerical solutions to approximate the response of the human circulatory system was presented. Among five existent ventricular elastances as activity function of heart pumps, a more accurate model was chosen as well as the operation of baroreflex system to accommodate variations in heart rate and systemic va...

An Evaluation of the Nitrous Oxide Method for the Quantification of Left - to - Right Shunts

Extensive clinical use has now been made of the nitrous oxide test for the detection and localization of left-to-right circulatory shunts. On theoretical grounds the magnitude of such a shunt should be related to the systemic and pulmonary arteriovenous differences in nitrous oxide content measured early in the period of inhalation. In order to determine the validity of the nitrous oxide method...

A Simplified indicator-dilution technic for the localization of left-to-right circulatory shunts. An experimental and clinical study of intravenous injection with right heart sampling.